Get demo ebook here

Human anatomy and physiology by pharmacistgoal

Read More

What Is Paper Chromatography Types And Apllication

paper chromatography image

Paper chromatography

It is a technique for separating chemical substances on the basis of their different rate of migration across sheet of paper this technique is regarded as liquid liquid chromatography in paper chromatography the stationary phase is filter paper and mobile phase is liquid

 

History of paper chromatography 

The paper Chromatography was introduced by Martin and change in the late 1940 in England.Martin research group develop this first micro analytical chromatography it was developed to analyse structure of proteins for which Martin and synge receive the prestigious Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1952 principle of paper chromatography the principle involved in paper chromatography is partition .It means the and light mixture is partition between two immiscible liquids in which one liquid is stationary phase and another liquid is mobile phase

In Chromatography the paper is made up of cellulose which consist of hydroxyl group the hydroxyl group in the cellulose are responsible for hydrogen bonding of water the setup contributes 6% weight of paper

Techniques

There are two different techniques involved in paper chromatography 

• paper partition chromatography
• paper adsorption chromatography 

 

paper partition chromatography 

This is widely used technique in which the paper is used as stationary phase in which no modification has been made the paper such as used for separation of mixture the principle involved in this technique is partition the annelids are partition between solvent and held in the filter paper and solvent in the mobile Phase  thus separated.

 

Paper adsorption chromatography 

This is a modified version of paper chromatography the modified paper such as paper integrated with silica Alumina specially treated paper is used instead of regular paper this technique follows adsorption as a principle rather than partition as the accepted power of stationary phase

 

Steps involved in chromatography 

1. selection of suitable type of development 
2. selection of suitable filter paper 
3. preparation of sample 
4. spotting of sample on the paper 
5. development of chromatogram 
6. drying of the paper and detection of the compound

Development techniques of chromatography 

There are different development techniques are used in paper chromatography as per the development techniques name as follows 

1. Ascending chromatography 
2. Descending chromatography 
3. circular or radial chromatography
4. two dimensional chromatography  
5. multi Or N dimensional chromatography

Types of chromatography paper 

• Whatman chromatography paper 
• P81 strong cation paper 
• SG81 non-charged Silica Gel cellulose paper
• D81 weak anion paper

 

Application of paper chromatography 

• It is used for study of structure of Steroids 
• paper chromatography is used as analytical chemistry techniques for identifying and separating coloured mixture like pigment 
• In forensic studies paper chromatography is used in Crime scene investigation and DNA and RNA Sequencing along with others studies 
• separated compound can be recovered by cutting the spot, resolving in suitable solvent and evaporating the solvent  
• among the all chromatography method chromatography is an inexpensive and Rapid method that provide reliable result it is used in qualitative method for identifying the component in mixture 
• It is widely used for separation of iron separation of amino acid in addition to two qualitative analysis the quantitative estimation of an acid such as glutamic acid aspartic acid glycine and alanine can be performed

 Conclusion

• It is a technique for separating chemical substances on the basis of their different rate of migration across sheet of paper

• chromatography it was developed to analyse structure of proteins 

• two different techniques involved in paper chromatography first one paper partition chromatography second paper adsorption chromatography  

•  In Chromatography the paper is made up of cellulose which consist of hydroxyl group the hydroxyl group in the Solar cellulose are responsible for hydrogen bonding of water

Read More

What Is Column Chromatography Types Apllication

Column Chromatography

chromatography image

 

INTRODUCTION

Column chromatography is type of chromatography widely used in pharmaceutical and mainly analysis of samples.

in Column Chromatography the stationary phase  is a column and mobile phase is liquid or gas.

PRINCIPLE INVOLVED IN Column Chromatography  

Various type of principle involved in chromatography as follows

• Adsorption        
• Partiotion          
• Ion exchange     
• Molecular sieving 

principle effect the stationary phase given with example

• Adsorption : stationary phase is silica gel.       
• Partiotion    : stationary phase is liquid coated        
• Ion exchange  : stationary phase is ion exchange resin    
• Molecular sieving : stationary phase is Gel marix

THEORIES OF Column Chromatography  

Two types of theries involved in column chromatography

1. Plate theory
2. Rate theory

 Plate theory
According to this theory the sepration efficiency of column is depend on number of plates attached to it.
Mean greater no. of plates result to higher efficiency of sepration 
express by formula as follows 

H=L/N 

Where the                                    

L is length of column  

H is plate height         

N is no. of plates        

 

Rate theory

This theory is explain the effect of parameter that affect the width of column band.
the path length solvent moves form  top of thecolumn and time to reach the boettom of column also effect the width of bond
this theory well explain by van deemter equation
  
EFFICIENCY OF COLUMN   

AS WE STUDY EARLIER THE rate and plate theory explain about efficiency  of column

so revised that efficiency of column no. of plates increses sepration efficiency

thats whynyou want to seprate rapidly use multiple plate each times.

Column packing technique

 chromatographic seperation ccolumn avilable in various size ranges from few cm tometers 

column prepared by uding silica gas tubes such as burrette 

two type of packing involved as follows 

WET PACKING 

DRY PACKING 

APPLICATION

Chromatography has wide range of application some major given below 

1. for the identification of pharmaceuticals substance and prepratio n 
2. test for homogenity ofsubstance 
3. determination of individual substances
4. it has got excellent application in pesticide analysis
5. applicable also for the analysis of glycoside and carbohydrate
6. anlysis of vitamins done sucessfully

 

Read More

GRADUATE PHARMACY APTITUDE TEST (GPAT)

GRADUATE PHARMACY APTITUDE TEST (GPAT) 

Introduction 

It is a national level entrance examination for entry into M.Pharm programmes. Till 2018, it was conducted by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) every year as per the directions of Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India. The Test will now be conducted by the NTA.

WHY CHOOSE GPAT 

This test facilitates institutions to select suitable Pharmacy graduates for admission into the Masters (M.Pharm) program.

The GPAT is a three hour computer based online test which is conducted in a single session.

The GPAT score is accepted by all AICTE-Approved Institutions/University Departments/Constituent Colleges/Affiliated Colleges. 

A few scholarships and other financial assistance in the field of Pharmacy are also given on the basis of the GPAT score.

 

BASIC STRUCTURE OF GPAT

Full Exam Name                     Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test

Short Exam Name                  GPAT

Conducting Body                   National Testing Agency

Frequency of Conduct           Once a year

Exam Level                             National Level Exam

Languages                              English

Mode of Application             Online

Application Fee (General)    1600 Rs [Online]

Mode of Exam                       Online

Mode of Counselling            Online / Offline

Participating Colleges           273

Exam Duration                             3 Hours  

GPAT SYLLABUSS   CLICK HERE

GPAT Exam Pattern can be checked as follows

    Mode of examination- Computer-based online test

    Language- English

    Duration of examination- 3 hours

    Type of questions- Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

    Total number of questions- 125

    Marking Scheme- +4 for every correct answer, while -1 for every incorrect response

    Maximum Marks- 500

    Exam Time- -

GPAT 2020 Exam Centers

 Gujarat  

Ahmedabad

 Bhavnagar 

Rajkot 

Surat

 Vadodara 

 Anand 

Gandhinagar 

Mehsana

Uttar Pradesh 
 

Allahabad

Lucknow

Meerut

Bareilly

Noida

Kanpur Varanasi

Ghaziabad

Gorakhpur

Agra

Maharashtra     

Amravati

Mumbai

Aurangabad

Nagpur

Nanded

Nashik

Pune

Kolhapur

Ahmednagar

Dhule

Navi Mumbai

Solapur

Thane

Tamil Nadu        

 Madurai

Chennai

Coimbatore

Tirunelveli

Tiruchirappalli

Karnataka           

 Mangalore

Mysore

Bengaluru

Gulbarga

Belgaum

Dharwad

Udupi

Delhi      New Delhi

Madhya Pradesh             

Bhopal

Gwalior

Indore

Jabalpur

Sagar

Odisha Bhubaneswar

Sambalpur

Berhampur

Ganjam

Andhra Pradesh                

Nellore

Tirupati

Vijayawada

Visakhapatnam

Kurnool

Guntur

Rajahmundry

Chandigarh                                                   Chandigarh

Goa                                                                  Panaji

Uttarakhand                                                 Dehradun

                                                                     Roorkee

Bihar      

Patna

Muzaffarpur

 

Chhattisgarh       

Raipur

Bhilai

Haryana               

Gurgaon

Faridabad

Hisar

Ambala

Assam    

Guwahati

Dibrugarh

Jharkhand            

Ranchi

Dhanbad

Jamshedpur

Telangana                                                      

 Hyderabad

Warangal

Karimnagar

Secunderabad

Himachal Pradesh            

 Shimla

Hamirpur

Bilaspur

Solan

Jammu and Kashmir        

Srinagar

Jammu

Leh                                                                                                            

Rajasthan            

Jaipur

Udaipur

Jodhpur

Kota

Sikar

Kerala   

 Thiruvananthapuram

Kozhikode

Ernakulam

Kottayam

Thrissur

West Bengal        

Kolkata

Siliguri

Punjab  

Amritsar

Bathinda

Ludhiana

Mohali

Tripura Agartala

Andaman and Nicobar Islands    Port Blair

Arunachal Pradesh          Itanagar

Naharlagun

Lakshadweep    Kavaratti

Manipur               Imphal

Meghalaya          Shillong

Mizoram              Aizawl

Nagaland            

 Kohima

Dimapur

Puducherry        Puducherry

Documents Required at Exam

  GPAT  admit card

  Valid photo ID proof

  Photograph similar to the one uploaded with the application form

  PwD certificate if applicable

GPAT cutoff is taken as the screening process for admission to various Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharmacy) programmes. NTA, i.e. the conducting body determines the cutoff of GPAT which is the minimum qualifying score required for admissions. Various factors like availability of seats, the difficulty level of exam, number of candidates applied for etc are considered while determining the GPAT cutoff. 

GPAT cutoff 2020, 2019

GPAT CUT OFF

 CUTOFF 2020

GENRal     163

OBC-NCL 131

SC              103

ST              76

EWS          104

GPAT 2020 Contact Information

Website: www.ntagpat.nic.in

Helpline number: 7042399521, 7042399525, 7042399526

E-mail: gpat.nta2019@gmail.com

Official Website: https://ntagpat.nic.in/ntagpatcms/public/home.aspx

CONCLUSION
gpat exam taken for pharmacy student to check ability of student .the appear student get good college with scholarship 




REFERANCE

1.GPAT NTA  https://nta.ac.in/Pharmacyexam

Read More