What Is Paper Chromatography Types And Apllication

paper chromatography image

Paper chromatography

It is a technique for separating chemical substances on the basis of their different rate of migration across sheet of paper this technique is regarded as liquid liquid chromatography in paper chromatography the stationary phase is filter paper and mobile phase is liquid

 

History of paper chromatography 

The paper Chromatography was introduced by Martin and change in the late 1940 in England.Martin research group develop this first micro analytical chromatography it was developed to analyse structure of proteins for which Martin and synge receive the prestigious Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1952 principle of paper chromatography the principle involved in paper chromatography is partition .It means the and light mixture is partition between two immiscible liquids in which one liquid is stationary phase and another liquid is mobile phase

In Chromatography the paper is made up of cellulose which consist of hydroxyl group the hydroxyl group in the cellulose are responsible for hydrogen bonding of water the setup contributes 6% weight of paper

Techniques

There are two different techniques involved in paper chromatography 

• paper partition chromatography
• paper adsorption chromatography 

 

paper partition chromatography 

This is widely used technique in which the paper is used as stationary phase in which no modification has been made the paper such as used for separation of mixture the principle involved in this technique is partition the annelids are partition between solvent and held in the filter paper and solvent in the mobile Phase  thus separated.

 

Paper adsorption chromatography 

This is a modified version of paper chromatography the modified paper such as paper integrated with silica Alumina specially treated paper is used instead of regular paper this technique follows adsorption as a principle rather than partition as the accepted power of stationary phase

 

Steps involved in chromatography 

1. selection of suitable type of development 
2. selection of suitable filter paper 
3. preparation of sample 
4. spotting of sample on the paper 
5. development of chromatogram 
6. drying of the paper and detection of the compound

Development techniques of chromatography 

There are different development techniques are used in paper chromatography as per the development techniques name as follows 

1. Ascending chromatography 
2. Descending chromatography 
3. circular or radial chromatography
4. two dimensional chromatography  
5. multi Or N dimensional chromatography

Types of chromatography paper 

• Whatman chromatography paper 
• P81 strong cation paper 
• SG81 non-charged Silica Gel cellulose paper
• D81 weak anion paper

 

Application of paper chromatography 

• It is used for study of structure of Steroids 
• paper chromatography is used as analytical chemistry techniques for identifying and separating coloured mixture like pigment 
• In forensic studies paper chromatography is used in Crime scene investigation and DNA and RNA Sequencing along with others studies 
• separated compound can be recovered by cutting the spot, resolving in suitable solvent and evaporating the solvent  
• among the all chromatography method chromatography is an inexpensive and Rapid method that provide reliable result it is used in qualitative method for identifying the component in mixture 
• It is widely used for separation of iron separation of amino acid in addition to two qualitative analysis the quantitative estimation of an acid such as glutamic acid aspartic acid glycine and alanine can be performed

 Conclusion

• It is a technique for separating chemical substances on the basis of their different rate of migration across sheet of paper

• chromatography it was developed to analyse structure of proteins 

• two different techniques involved in paper chromatography first one paper partition chromatography second paper adsorption chromatography  

•  In Chromatography the paper is made up of cellulose which consist of hydroxyl group the hydroxyl group in the Solar cellulose are responsible for hydrogen bonding of water

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What Is Column Chromatography Types Apllication

Column Chromatography

chromatography image

 

INTRODUCTION

Column chromatography is type of chromatography widely used in pharmaceutical and mainly analysis of samples.

in Column Chromatography the stationary phase  is a column and mobile phase is liquid or gas.

PRINCIPLE INVOLVED IN Column Chromatography  

Various type of principle involved in chromatography as follows

• Adsorption        
• Partiotion          
• Ion exchange     
• Molecular sieving 

principle effect the stationary phase given with example

• Adsorption : stationary phase is silica gel.       
• Partiotion    : stationary phase is liquid coated        
• Ion exchange  : stationary phase is ion exchange resin    
• Molecular sieving : stationary phase is Gel marix

THEORIES OF Column Chromatography  

Two types of theries involved in column chromatography

1. Plate theory
2. Rate theory

 Plate theory
According to this theory the sepration efficiency of column is depend on number of plates attached to it.
Mean greater no. of plates result to higher efficiency of sepration 
express by formula as follows 

H=L/N 

Where the                                    

L is length of column  

H is plate height         

N is no. of plates        

 

Rate theory

This theory is explain the effect of parameter that affect the width of column band.
the path length solvent moves form  top of thecolumn and time to reach the boettom of column also effect the width of bond
this theory well explain by van deemter equation
  
EFFICIENCY OF COLUMN   

AS WE STUDY EARLIER THE rate and plate theory explain about efficiency  of column

so revised that efficiency of column no. of plates increses sepration efficiency

thats whynyou want to seprate rapidly use multiple plate each times.

Column packing technique

 chromatographic seperation ccolumn avilable in various size ranges from few cm tometers 

column prepared by uding silica gas tubes such as burrette 

two type of packing involved as follows 

WET PACKING 

DRY PACKING 

APPLICATION

Chromatography has wide range of application some major given below 

1. for the identification of pharmaceuticals substance and prepratio n 
2. test for homogenity ofsubstance 
3. determination of individual substances
4. it has got excellent application in pesticide analysis
5. applicable also for the analysis of glycoside and carbohydrate
6. anlysis of vitamins done sucessfully

 

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What Is Chromatography And It's Types

Chromatography

Introduction

Chromatography is separation technique, used to separate components of a mixture using a stationary phase and mobile phase.

This technique was introduced by a Russian scientist TSWETT in 1906.by using separation of color component of leaf extract

Definition

As per IUPAC – Chromatography is a physical method of separation in which the component to be separated and distributed between two phases that one is a stationary phase and mobile phase moves in definite direction

Principle

 Chromatography mainly based on two categories

• Adsorption
• Partition

Adsorption 

 In this process analyse substance is absorbed in stationary phase.

adsorption image

Partition

1. Distribution of solute take place in 2 immiscible phases.
2. Distribution depends on partition coefficient.
3. Example- take oil and water add another substance the distribution of substance is depend on the partition coefficient of oil and water

partition coefficient
it is determined by the ability of solute to be partitioned be two immiscible liquids.

Formula

Kd=concentration of solute in solvent A/

 concentrationof solute in solvent B

Types of Chromatography

There is generally two types of chromatography ie. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography.

On the basis equilibrium process the different type of chromatography as given below

• Adsorption chromatography
• Partition chromatography
• Ion exchange chromatography
• Molecular sieve chromatography

Adsorption chromatography
The adsorption of analyte on the surface of solid stationary phase. Liquid or gas is mobile phase.

Types

• Adsorption column chromatography

• Planar chromatography or Thin layer chromatography
• Modern Planar chromatography or High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)
• Gas soiled chromatography

 

Partition chromatography

This involves the distribution of solute between two phases.

Generally Liquid or gas is mobile phase. And Liquid is stationary phase.

Types

• Partition chromatography
• Paper chromatography
• Thin layer chromatography
• Liquid chromatography
• Gas liquid chromatography

Ion exchange chromatography

Involves the exchange of ions between stationary phase which is ion exchange resin and Liquid is mobile phase.

Consider as column chromatography

Molecular sieve chromatography

Also called gel chromatography

Involve separation of analtye mixture on the basis of its molecule size

Other types of chromatography

• Flash chromatography
• Supercritical fluid chromatography
• Chiral chromatography
• Ion pair chromatography
• UPLC /MPLC

APPLICATION

Chromatography has wide range of application some major given below 

1. for the identification of pharmaceuticals substance and prepratio n 
2. test for homogenity ofsubstance 
3. determination of individual substances
4. it has got excellent application in pesticide analysis
5. applicable also for the analysis of glycoside and carbohydrate

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